ʻEhā mau hanana a me nā kumu o nā kiko attenuation kiʻekiʻe i nā kaula optical

1. Nā kiko attenuation kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia i ka wā o ke kau ʻana

I ka wā o ke kau ʻana o ke kaula optical, ʻoiai hoʻi i ka hoʻomoe ʻana i kanu pololei ʻia ma luna o ka lōʻihi o 2-3 km, nui nā pilikia e kū pinepine ʻia. ʻO ka hana ʻana e pili pinepine i nā limahana he nui a me nā mamao lōʻihi, e paʻakikī ai ke hōʻoia i nā hana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma waena o nā limahana āpau. He pilikia nui kēia i ka wā e hele ana ma waena o nā pilikia e like me nā paipu kila pale, nā kūlou, nā pali, a me nā loli kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke hana ʻia kahi hanana i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo "back buckling" (dead bends), e hōʻino nui ana i ke kaula. Ke kū ka kūlou make, e ʻike ʻia kahi kiko attenuation koʻikoʻi ma ia wahi. I nā hihia koʻikoʻi, hiki ke haki hapa a piha paha ka fiber. He hewa maʻamau kēia i ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kaula optical.

Eia kekahi, i ka wā o ke kau ʻana i ke kaula, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā wēlau o ke kaula i ka hōʻino ʻia. I ka wā o ka splicing, ʻike pinepine ʻia kahi waiwai attenuation kiʻekiʻe ma kahi splice. ʻOiai ma hope o ka splicing fusion pinepine ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka pohō, e hopena ana i kahi kiko attenuation nui.

2. Nā kiko attenuation kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia i ka wā splicing

ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā kiko attenuation kiʻekiʻe i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana splicing. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia kahi OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) no ka nānā ʻana. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma hope o ka splicing ʻana o kēlā me kēia fiber, hoʻāʻo ʻia ka waiwai attenuation ma ke kiko splice. I ka hana maoli, hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻāʻo bidirectional. Ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka hana ʻana o ka fiber, ʻaʻohe ʻelua fibers i like loa, a aia mau nā ʻokoʻa i ke anawaena o ke kahua mode. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka waiwai pohō i ana ʻia e ka OTDR ʻaʻole ia ka pohō splice maoli; hiki ke maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ua lawe ʻia ka awelika arithmetic o nā waiwai hoʻāʻo bidirectional ma ke ʻano he waiwai attenuation maoli.

I ka wā o ka splicing, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka manawa maoli e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka pohō splice i nā pahuhopu kaohi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kahi kumu maʻamau o nā kiko attenuation nui e kū mai ana ma hope o ka splicing, i ka wā e mālama ai i ka fiber. Hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia kekahi mau fibers i ka الضغط a i ʻole he radius kūlou liʻiliʻi loa, e hana ana i kahi kiko attenuation kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo nā fibers e hana ana ma kahi nalu o 1550 nm he koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka pohō micro-bending. Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka fiber, hana ʻia ka micro-bending; pēlā nō, inā liʻiliʻi loa ka radius kūlou i ka wā o ka fiber coiling, hana ʻia ka pohō hōʻailona koʻikoʻi ma ia wahi. Ma ka piʻo backscatter OTDR, ʻike ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he ʻanuʻu attenuation nui.

ʻO kekahi kumu i nānā pinepine ʻole ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻākoakoa ʻana o ka pani splice. I ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pani a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kaula, inā ʻaʻole paʻa pono ke kaula i loko o ka pani, hiki ke wili ʻia, e hoʻololi ana i nā paipu buffer fiber. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā fibers a laila alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka attenuation, e hana ana i kahi pohō ʻanuʻu.

3. Nā kiko attenuation kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana a me ka lawelawe ʻana

I ka wā e lawe ʻia ai nā kaula optical i ke kahua kūkulu, he ʻino pinepine ke kaiapuni. ʻOi aku hoʻi, i ka wā e kau ana i nā kaula kamaʻilio kaʻaahi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā crane ke hiki i ke kahua. I kēlā mau hihia, hoʻouka pinepine ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā kaula me ka lima. I ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ana, ua maʻalahi ka hōʻino ʻia ʻana o ka papa waho o ke kaula. ʻO kekahi kumu, ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o ke anawaena o ka pahu kaula, e hoʻokokoke loa ana i ka papa kaula waho i ka honua. ʻO ke ʻano o ka honua ma nā kahua kūkulu he ʻano like ʻole, me ka paʻakikī like ʻole. I ka wā e ʻōwili ana i ka pahu kaula, hiki ke piholo i loko o ka lepo, e hōʻino ana i ke kaula waho e nā mea paʻakikī. ʻO ke kumu nui, hoʻohana kekahi mau mea hana i nā pahu liʻiliʻi e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana.

Eia kekahi, inā ʻaʻole i pale pono ʻia ka pahu uwea me nā papa lāʻau (hoʻohana kekahi mau pahu i nā kiʻi metala a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopuni piha ʻia me ka lāʻau), a hoʻohana wale ʻia ka ʻōwili plastik, a inā ʻaʻole i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka uhi pale ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pahu hoʻokahi, ua pale pono ʻole ʻia ke uwea. Ke hōʻino ʻia ka ʻūpā waho e nā mea paʻakikī e like me nā pōhaku, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā olonā i loko o nā paipu buffer, e hopena ana i nā ʻanuʻu attenuation. Ma ke kiʻikuhi backscatter OTDR, ʻike ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he kiko attenuation nui.

4. Nā kiko attenuation kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia i ka wā hoʻopau

Loaʻa pinepine nā kiko attenuation kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e hoʻopau ai i ke kaula. I ka wā e hoʻopau ai, ʻaʻole hana pinepine ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka nalowale o ka splice, a hilinaʻi nui nā hana i ka ʻike, e hoʻonui ana i ka hiki ke loaʻa nā kiko attenuation nui. Eia kekahi, ma hope o ka splicing fiber, i ka wā e hoʻokomo ai i ka pā mālama fiber, hiki ke kūlou nā paipu buffer kokoke i ka pā me ka radius liʻiliʻi loa a i ʻole wili ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia. Hoʻoulu kēia i ka attenuation koʻikoʻi ma kēlā mau kiko.

Hoʻopūnā pinepine ʻia kēlā mau kiko attenuation a ʻaʻole maʻalahi e ʻike ʻia e like me nā mea ma waenakonu o ke kaula e hoʻohana ana i kahi OTDR.